NMN

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a bioactive nucleotide and a direct precursor to NAD⁺ a coenzyme essential for cellular energy metabolism mitochondrial function and DNA repair. NAD⁺ levels decline with age and metabolic stress impacting mitochondrial efficiency and cellular resilience. NMN supplementation has been shown to increase NAD⁺ levels activating sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) improving mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and supporting metabolic regulation . It also contributes to DNA repair via PARP enzymes and supports circadian rhythm and cellular signalling pathways including AMPK and PGC-1α .